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Challenges to Subnational Diplomacy: The Tangled Roots of Punjab
Since the partition of Punjab—a consequence of the wider India-Pakistan partition in 1947—the “Land of Five Waters” has been the focal point of a war-inducing water dispute and widespread bloodshed. Conservative estimates put the death toll within Punjab during the…
Indian Fusion Center-Indian Ocean Region: Security and Stature
Australian and Japan recently posted liaison officers to the Indian Fusion Center-Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) in 2021, where the U.S. liaison officer has served since 2019. IFC-IOR, a maritime information hub initiated by India, brings all Quad members under one roof to exchange vital maritime…
India at the Leaders Summit on Climate: An Opportunity to Boost Cooperation
As the United States rejoins the Paris Agreement after a brief hiatus, the Biden administration must regain legitimacy in the international climate order. President Biden has championed international cooperation on climate change since his candidature. To this end, the United States convened the “Leaders…
CPEC and U.S.-Pakistan Relations
When the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) commenced on May 2013, Pakistan owed USD $4.1 billion to China, representing roughly nine percent of the country’s total external debt of USD $44.4 billion. By March 2020, the debt owed to China grew…
Exploring the Impulses in Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
Pakistan’s foreign policy can be understood with respect to three impulses: the normative, statist, and structural. First, the normative impulse is a constitutive element of the Pakistani nation-state project, including ideological and self-definitional tropes such as culture, values, religion, and…
Is the China-Iran Deal the Push Pakistan-Iran Ties Need?
Recently, the New York Times reported that Iran and China had drafted a USD $400 billion economic and security agreement. The proposed agreement is poised to not only strengthen ties between the two countries but also likely to increase China’s…