Conventional Forces
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بجھاؤ یا جلاؤ؟ پاکستان کی راکٹ فورس اور جنوبی ایشیا میں انسداد کامخمصہ
بھارت کے ساتھ مئی 2025 کے تنازعے کے فوراً بعد جس میں پاکستان نے فوجی اہداف کے خلاف گائیڈڈ فتح راکٹ سیریز کا استعمال کیا، اسلام آباد کا اپنے 78ویں یوم آزادی کے موقع پر آرمی راکٹ فورس کمانڈ (اے…
Firebreak or Fuse? Pakistan’s Rocket Force and the Deterrence Dilemma in South Asia
Hot on the heels of its May 2025 conflict with India, in which Pakistan used the guided Fatah rocket series against military targets, Islamabad’s announcement of the formation of the Army Rocket Force Command (ARFC) on the eve of its…
Pakistan’s New Rocket Force: Strategic Deterrence and Escalation Risks
In the wake of the May 2025 India-Pakistan conflict, Pakistan's assessment of its deterrence requirements has shifted. The formation of a new Pakistan Army Rocket Force Command (PARFC) led by a three-star general reflects this change and aims to provide…
25 Years After Kargil: Assessing Pakistan’s Crisis Preparedness
This summer marks a quarter century since the Kargil conflict, and a lot has changed between Pakistan and India in the intervening years. Several crises have ensued. Islamabad and New Delhi have come close to potential war more than once.…
India’s Defense Indigenization: An Emerging Arms Exporter?
India has recently released its fourth Positive Indigenization List (PIL), a list that contains 928 new sub-systems, spare and components, and assembly parts of major weapons systems to be manufactured by domestic arms industries. Before the fourth PIL, the government…
Pakistan’s J-10 Acquisition and Conventional Deterrence
On March 23, at Pakistan's Republic Day Parade, onlookers watched the first flyover of the recently inducted J-10C multi-role fighter. The purchase from China, announced publicly by Pakistan’s Interior Minister in late 2021, further showcases Pakistan-China defense ties and reflects…