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India-Pakistan Cyber Skirmishes and the Challenge of Attribution
Editor's Note: This essay is part of a series entitled "Cybersecurity Threats, Law, and Norms: Priorities for South Asia," a collaboration between the Stimson Center Cyber and South Asia programs. The recent India-Pakistan crisis in May illustrated how cyber and…
Assessing Cyber Risks and Resilience in India and Pakistan
Rapid digital modernization across a large and heterogenous demographic has provided unique economic, social, and developmental opportunities for South Asia. At the same time, this digitization has also birthed a vast array of cyber threats that South Asia's legal, institutional…
Cyber Quicksand? Uncharted Risks and Escalatory Dynamics in a Future India-Pakistan Crisis
Cyberspace is arguably the next battlefield for strategic adversaries, with offensive cyber operations (OCOs) potentially playing a decisive role in future India-Pakistan crises. The May 2025 crisis revealed the early signs of this emerging domain. These episodes underscore that cyber…
Falsehoods in Conflict: Disinformation in India-Pakistan Crises and Lessons for the Future
On May 7, 2025, a student at Jamia Millia Islamia University in New Delhi panicked upon seeing televised reports claiming a Pakistani strike on her hometown of Sopore in Indian-administered Kashmir. Across the border, footage on social media of a…
How the United States and India can Promote Responsible Behavior in Cyberspace Through the Quad
Over the last few years, India and the United States have been at the receiving end of anything but responsible behavior in cyberspace by both state and non-state actors. From the Salt Typhoon campaign that compromised U.S. telecom networks in…
How Does International Law Byte into Pakistan’s Cyber Governance?
Throughout history, the survival of states has hinged on their ability to anticipate and adapt to emerging threats. Just as industrialization reshaped the nature of conflict in the 19th century and nuclear weapons redefined power in the 20th, cybersecurity now…