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Sensors, Shooters, and Sea Power: Naval Kill Chains of India and Pakistan
The northern Indian Ocean is an operating environment characterized by vast space, asymmetric threats, uncertainty about adversary intentions, and the proliferation of advanced military technologies. In this environment, the development of India’s and Pakistan’s respective maritime forces reflects their efforts…
پسِ پردہ: پاکستان کی ہنگور آبدوز اور جنوبی ایشیا میں بحری مزاحمت
پاکستان نے 30 اپریل کو چین کے رسمی دورے کے دوران ہنگور کلاس کی آٹھ آبدوزوں میں سے پہلی کو (بحری دستے میں) شامل (کمیشن) کیا، جس موقع کو پاکستانی صدر آصف علی زرداری نے بحریہ (نیوی) کے لیے 'تاریخی…
Moving Beyond Nomenclature: Enhancing U.S.-India Holistic Cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region
In June 2025, the United States’ Department of War announced that it had renamed the Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM), a geographic combatant command established in 1947 to integrate U.S. forces in Asia-Pacific in service of national security objectives, back to its…
सतह के नीचे: पाकिस्तान की हैंगोर पनडुब्बी और दक्षिण एशिया में समुद्री प्रतिरोध
30 अप्रैल को, पाकिस्तान ने चीन की आधिकारिक यात्रा के दौरान आठ हैंगोर-श्रेणी की पनडुब्बियों में से प्रथम पनडुब्बी को पाकिस्तानी नौसेना में समिल्लित किया। पाकिस्तानी राष्ट्रपति आसिफ़ अली ज़रदारी ने इस अवसर को नौसेना के लिए एक "ऐतिहासिक मील…
Beneath the Surface: Pakistan’s Hangor Submarine and Maritime Deterrence in South Asia
On April 30, Pakistan commissioned the first of eight Hangor-class submarines during an official visit to China, an occasion that Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari called a “historic milestone” for the navy. Pakistan inducted the submarine, which is jointly produced…
Colombo Port City and the Diminishing Scope of Sri Lankan Policy Autonomy
Colombo Port City began as a promise of transformation, but it has become a measure of Sri Lanka’s constrained autonomy. Built on 269 hectares of reclaimed land beside Colombo’s central business district, the Chinese-backed project is designed as a Special…